https://wiki.objectivismonline.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=HarrisonDanneskjold&feedformat=atomObjectivism Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T17:19:59ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.2https://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Logical_Terms&diff=9376Logical Terms2014-05-23T04:54:20Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
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<div>===Types of Inferences===<br />
<br />
;[[logic|deduction]]: A line of reasoning from the general to the specific. If you know that all men are mortal and Socrates is a man then you can deduce that Socrates is also mortal.<br />
;[[concept formation|induction]]: A line of reasoning from the specific to the general. If you see men growing old and dying then you can induce that all men are mortal.<br />
<br />
Both induction and deduction are based on the [[identity|law of identity]].<br />
<br />
===Tautologies===<br />
<br />
A tautology is a sentence which repeats the same information. For example:<br />
*"This bachelor is not married."<br />
*"They fatally died."<br />
*[[#Tautology|"This is an example of a tautology."]]<br />
<br />
The [[identity|law of identity]] dictates that all truths must ultimately be tautological, although some tautologies can be false. All three [[axioms]] are explicitly tautological.</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Logical_Terms&diff=9375Logical Terms2014-05-23T04:43:22Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: Added a link to itself in order to explain "tautology"</p>
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<div>;[[deduction]]: A line of reasoning from the general to the specific.<br />
<br />
;[[induction]]: A line of reasoning from the specific to the general.<br />
<br />
===[[identity|tautology]]===<br />
<br />
A tautology is a sentence which repeats the same information. For example:<br />
*"They fatally died."<br />
*[[Existence|"Existence Exists"]]<br />
*[[#tautology|"This is an example of a tautology."]]</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Logical_Terms&diff=9374Logical Terms2014-05-23T04:37:45Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
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<div>;[[deduction]]: A line of reasoning from the general to the specific.<br />
<br />
;[[induction]]: A line of reasoning from the specific to the general.<br />
<br />
;[[identity|tautology]]: A sentence which repeats the same information. For example:<br />
*"They fatally died."<br />
*[[Existence|"Existence Exists"]]<br />
*[[Logical terms|"This is an example of a tautology."]]</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Logical_Terms&diff=9373Logical Terms2014-05-23T04:14:09Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
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<div>;[[deduction]]: A line of reasoning from the general to the specific.<br />
;[[induction]]: A line of reasoning from the specific to the general.<br />
;[[tautology]]: A sentence which only makes one factual claim in several different ways, also known as one way to "state the obvious". For example:<br />
*"This bachelor is not married."<br />
*"They fatally died."<br />
*"This tautology is circular."<br />
*"A is A"</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Logical_Terms&diff=9372Logical Terms2014-05-23T04:11:52Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
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<div>;[[deduction]]: A line of reasoning from the general to the specific.<br />
;[[induction]]: A line of reasoning from the specific to the general.<br />
;[[tautology]]: A sentence which only makes one factual claim in several different ways, also known as one way to "state the obvious". For example:<br />
*"This bachelor is not married."<br />
*"They fatally died."<br />
*"This tautology is circular."<br />
*"Existence Exists" "A is A" and "Consciousness is Conscious"</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Identity&diff=9371Identity2014-05-23T04:11:02Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
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<div>{{Q|They proclaim that there is no law of identity, that nothing exists but change, and blank out the fact that change presupposes the concepts of what changes, from what and to what, that without the law of identity no such concept as "change" is possible."|[[Ayn Rand]], [[Atlas Shrugged]]}} <br />
<br />
== A is A ==<br />
<br />
The [[Axiom]] of identity '''is''' the fact that every thing is itself, instead of anything else.<br />
A is not B or C. A is A at all times and in all places.<br />
<br />
The [[Axiom]] of identity, on its own, is not a particularly useful [[Concepts|Concept]]. It serves instead as the fundamental formula for [[Logic]], [[Logical Terms|induction]], [[Logical Terms|deduction]] and all [[Reason|human knowledge]].<br />
<br />
In mathematics, each side of the equation must be the same as the other. In [[Epistemology|Objectivist Epistemology]], all statements must be [[Logical Terms|tautological]] ''because'' A is A.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
*[http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/identity.html Identity at the Ayn Rand Lexicon]<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
{{M_Nav}}<br />
[[Category:Axiom]]</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Logical_Terms&diff=9370Logical Terms2014-05-23T04:08:45Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: Added "tautology" in order to explain "identity".</p>
<hr />
<div>;[[deduction]]: A line of reasoning from the general to the specific.<br />
;[[induction]]: A line of reasoning from the specific to the general.<br />
;[[tautology]]: A sentence which only makes one factual claim in several different ways, also known as one way to "state the obvious". For example:<br />
*"This bachelor is not married."<br />
*"They fatally died."<br />
*"This tautology is circular."</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Identity&diff=9369Identity2014-05-23T03:15:34Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
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<div>"They proclaim that there is no law of identity, that nothing exists but change, and blank out the fact that change presupposes the concepts of what changes, from what and to what, that without the law of identity no such concept as 'change' is possible." -[[Atlas_Shrugged|Galt's_Speech]]<br />
<br />
==Identity==<br />
<br />
The [[axiom]] of identity states that everything is what it is, that objects obey their basic nature, an apple is an apple, A is A. It is the fundamental rule of [[logic]] and is a prerequisite to the certainty of [[knowledge]].<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
*[http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/identity.html Identity at the Ayn Rand Lexicon]<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
{{M_Nav}}<br />
[[Category:Axiom]]</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Identity&diff=9368Identity2014-05-23T03:11:57Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
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<div>"They proclaim that there is no law of identity, that nothing exists but change, and blank out the fact that change presupposes the concepts of what changes, from what and to what, that without the law of identity no such concept as 'change' is possible." -Galt's Speech<br />
<br />
<br />
The [[axiom]] of identity states that everything is what it is, that objects obey their basic nature, an apple is an apple, A is A. It is the fundamental rule of [[logic]] and is a prerequisite to the certainty of [[knowledge]].<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
*[http://aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/identity.html Identity at the Ayn Rand Lexicon]<br />
<br />
{{stub}}<br />
<br />
{{M_Nav}}<br />
[[Category:Axiom]]</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Epistemology&diff=9367Epistemology2014-05-23T02:41:56Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: /* From sensations to concepts */</p>
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<div>{{Q|Epistemology is a science devoted to the discovery of the proper methods of acquiring and validating knowledge.|Ayn Rand, [[IToE]]}}<br />
== Epistemology ==<br />
<br />
Epistemology is the branch of [[philosophy]] that deals with the validity and requirements of human [[knowledge]]. Epistemology includes those facts about how one thinks and how one ''should'' think which one must understand to minimize errors when learning about other subjects.<br />
<br />
In essence, Objectivist epistemology holds that all of man's knowledge comes from the senses, and is developed in the following order- '''[[Percepts]]''', which come from the automatic integration of certain sensations that lead to awareness of a specific existent, and '''[[Concepts]]''', the mind's organization of percepts [as well as other concepts] into groups based on their essential characteristics that differentiate them from other entities. Furthermore, Objectivist epistemology rejects all forms of faith or mysticism as means of knowledge.<br />
<br />
The foundational writing for Objectivist epistemology is Ayn Rand's ''Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology'' (ITOE); Leonard Peikoff's ''Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand'' (OPAR) further develops a number of the basic ideas of ITOE.<br />
<br />
== From sensations to concepts ==<br />
Sensations are the basic information provided to the mind by the sensory organs, such as the light from the computer screen you're reading now. The awareness of these sensations is considered [[axiom|axiomatically]] "valid" on the grounds that it is [[contradiction|self-contradictory]] to deny the efficacy of the [[sensation|senses]] as sources of genuine [[knowledge]], because such an assertion implicitly assumes the validity of the senses.<br />
For example, something which is an "illusion" is something which is perceived falsely; reality contradicts your awareness of it. Since that is part of what "illusion" means, to suggest that reality is an illusion means that reality contradicts itself.<br />
<br />
Sensation, or awareness of raw sensory data, counts as knowledge in a limited way. However, sensations as such are not retained by the mind and so cannot provide guidance beyond the present moment. (To refer to the previous example, if the computer screen you're reading turns off, the sensation ends.) Perception extends the awareness of the objects of sensation over time, a "percept" being a group of sensations that is automatically retained and integrated by the mind. Some animals other than human beings operate at the level of sensory perception and thus possess a measure of knowledge.<br />
<br />
Human beings are unique in possessing another, higher level of cognition: the conceptual level. According to Objectivism, the human mind apprehends reality through a process of reasoning based upon sensory observation, in which perceptual information is built up into concepts and propositions.<br />
<br />
However, humans are not guaranteed to achieve this level of consciousness, instead possessing a "volitional consciousness", reaching the "conceptual level" only by an act of volition to which no one can be led or forced from the outside. All humans by definition have the potential to achieve the conceptual level, but some may fail to actualize this potential &mdash; and some may lapse from the conceptual level by practising evasion, by which is meant evasion of reason, a deliberate abandonment of the rational consciousness.<br />
<br />
Any mind, human or nonhuman, can explicitly hold only so many perceptual units at a time. But the human mind is able to extend its knowledge over a wide range of space, time, and scope by organizing its perceptual information into classifications.<br />
<br />
'''''For more information on the formation of concepts, see [[Concept formation]]'''<br />
<br />
==Topics In Epistemology==<br />
=== The analytic-synthetic dichotomy ===<br />
Objectivism explicitly rejects the [[analytic-synthetic dichotomy]]. This dichotomy &mdash; which stems from the views of [[David Hume]] and [[Immanuel Kant]] &mdash; is the view that there is a fundamental distinction between statements that are true in virtue of meaning, alone, and statements whose truth depends upon something more (usually, upon the way the world is). Rand rejected the view that there is any such fundamental distinction, because she accepted that the meaning of a word is its referent, including that referent's every attribute. Consequently, any true proposition is in a way true in virtue of meaning, while its truth simultaneously depends upon the way the world is. In specific, Rand holds that the meaning of a non-singular term is the concept associated with that term, while this concept somehow includes or subsumes all the particulars of a given class, including all the attributes had by these particulars. Which particulars a concept subsumes, according to Rand, depends upon what the concept-coiner was discriminating from what when he or she formed the concept (this appears to be how Rand accommodates Gottlob Frege's insight that there are different "modes of presentation" of the same content). This view is a version of content externalism, similar in certain ways to the views of [[Hilary Putnam]] and Tyler Burge.<br />
<br />
The analytic-synthetic dichotomy is intimately related to the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge, as some philosophers believe that analytic truths are known a priori (i.e., they are justified independent of any experience), while synthetic truths are known a posteriori (i.e., they are justified in virtue of experience). Rand rejects the view that there is any a priori knowledge. All knowledge, she holds, including mathematical knowledge, is about the world (though possibly at some very high level of abstraction or quantization). Justification always terminates in the evidence of the senses.<br />
<br />
The analytic-synthetic dichotomy is also related to the alleged distinction between necessary and contingent truths, i.e., the claims of a distinction between truths that could not have been otherwise and truths that could have been otherwise. Many contemporary philosophers believe that mathematical truths such as "2 + 2 = 4" are necessary (could not have been otherwise) while statements such as "There are nine planets in our solar system" are contingent (could have been otherwise). These notions of contingency and necessity have led many contemporary philosophers to elaborate metaphysical systems-building. In constrast, Objectivism holds that there is no distinction between necessary vs. contingent facts in the natural world (that is, all natural facts are necessary) and that the concept of "contingent" applies exclusively to the results of human choice (that is, there is a fundamental distinction between the metaphysical and the man-made). All facts hold in virtue of the natures or identities of the entities involved. Man-made facts hold in virtue of actions that were initiated by volitional beings ("I went to the grocery today" is a man-made fact, because I could have done otherwise). Metaphysical facts, by contrast, hold without reference to any action of a volitional consciousness.<br />
<br />
Objectivism holds that, in a sense, all facts are "necessary": all knowledge is knowledge of identity, i.e., a statement that an entity (or aspect, potentiality, condition etc. of an entity) is what in fact it is. Many contemporary philosophers claim that, while the proposition "1 + 1 = 2" is "necessary" because true in all possible realities, the proposition "the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1" is "contingent" because it is not constant across possible worlds. Objectivism would reply that the second proposition is just as "necessary" as the first: if the atomic mass differed, the substance in question would not be hydrogen. Objectivism recognizes no legitimate meaning of "necessity" other than this one.<br />
<br />
Additionally, Objectivism also accepts so-called "nomological" possibility and necessity. Statements of nomological possibility say that certain states-of-affairs are in accordance with natural reality in the sense that they reflect the potential of an entity to act in a certain way. For example, consider the propositions, "This glass could break" and "It could rain this weekend." These report truths, because they say that, it is in the nature of glasses that they can break (given the right circumstances) and similarly it is in the nature of the weather that it has the potential to produce rain. Objectivism analyzes counterfactuals, e.g., "If I had dropped this glass, it would break," in similar terms. Objectivism does not insist, as many contemporary philosophers do, that there must be some fact in another possible world for this proposition to correspond with, in order for it to be true. Objectivism also rejects the now-popular view that these nomological facts should be analyzed using a "possible worlds" framework that builds on a distinction between the necessary and the contingent.<br />
<br />
=== The problem of universals ===<br />
Objectivism offers the foregoing account as the solution of the problem of universals. This problem has throughout the history of philosophy been regarded as a problem of metaphysics, but Objectivism asserts that its proper resolution lies in epistemology. Traditional solutions to the problem divide generally into realism and nominalism. Objectivism regards the first as "intrinsicism" (the view that universals are "intrinsic" to reality) and the second as "subjectivism" (the view that universals are arbitrary creations of the human mind). The proper resolution, Objectivism says, is that universals are concepts, created to meet the unique cognitive needs of the human mind, but objective so long as they are validly formed.<br />
<br />
=== Objectivism, classical rationalism, classical empiricism ===<br />
There are many notable differences between Objectivist epistemology and classical [[rationalism]]. While a classical rationalist would defend a "thick" conception of reason that includes ''a priori'' knowledge and the grasp of relations of necessity, Objectivism defends a "thin" conception that denies the possibility of ''a priori'' knowledge, tends to treat the grasp of necessity as something akin to mystical insight, and relegates reason to the role of classifying and organizing the information provided by sensory perception.<br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
*[[Concept-Formation]]<br />
*[[Measurement ommision]]<br />
* The [[objectivity]] of knowledge.<br />
* The Validity of the [[senses]].<br />
* [[Sensations]], [[Percepts]], [[Concepts]].<br />
* [[Concept formation]] by [[Measurement Omission]].<br />
* The difference between, and validity of, both [[Deduction]] and [[Induction]].<br />
* [[Axioms]] of human knowledge, [[Axiomatic concepts]].<br />
* [[Existence]], [[Identity]] ([[A is A]]), [[Consciousness]].<br />
* [[Volition]] as a necessary part of an objective Epistemology. <br />
* [[Psycho-Epistemology]] and its relation to Epistemology.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{E_Nav}}</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=What_is_Objectivism&diff=9366What is Objectivism2014-05-23T02:25:52Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
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<div>'''Objectivism''' is the name chosen by [[Ayn Rand]] for her [[philosophy]]. Some essentials of Objectivism are that [[reality]] is real (''i.e.,'' [[Identity|Existence]] exists), and that we are conscious of reality ([[Consciousness]] is conscious). <br />
<br />
From this, Objectivism propounds that [[truth|knowledge]] is objective: it is not simply revealed or "obvious", nor is it whimsically [[subjectivism|subjective]]. Knowledge is the result of a consciousness gaining understanding of reality. <br />
<br />
The better we understand reality, the better we can deal with it. Ayn Rand described Objectivism as a philosophy for living on earth -- by which she meant that it was a philosophy grounded in reality with the purpose of enabling its adherents to better deal with reality. A common thread running through all of Objectivism is the sanctity of the individual, rational human being. In Rand's own words:<br />
<br />
'' "My philosophy, in essence, is the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute." ''<br />
<br />
[[Ayn Rand]] rejected the idea that men who pursue their own interests must end up in conflict with one another. Objectivism holds [[individual rights]] to be the mechanism by which men can pursue their individual interests without being in conflict with one another. <br />
<br />
Objectivism is a closed system -- it consists of the philosophical writings of Ayn Rand (which she finished for publication) and those philosophical writings of other people which she specifically approved (for example the articles in the Objectivist Newsletter). The statements in this Wiki are not authoritative nor definitional of Objectivism.<br />
<br />
There are philosophical truths which were not incorporated into Objectivism. You should not assume without proof that everything in Objectivism is true.<br />
<br />
In fact, to assume without proof that everything [[Ayn Rand]] said is true, contradicts Objectivist [[Epistemology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
*[[Philosophy]]<br />
*[[Ayn Rand]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.aynrandsociety.org/#Overview Ayn Rand Society: Ayn Rand and Objectivism: An Overview]<br />
*[http://www.aynrandlexicon.com/ The Ayn Rand Lexicon]<br />
*[http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_essentials Essentials of Objectivism (Ayn Rand Institute)]<br />
*[http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_pobs The Philosophy of Objectivism: A Brief Summary]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivist_philosophy Wikipedia article on Objectivism]<br />
[[Category:Philosophy]]</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=What_is_Objectivism&diff=9365What is Objectivism2014-05-23T01:31:14Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Objectivism''' is the name chosen by [[Ayn Rand]] for her [[philosophy]]. Some essentials of Objectivism are that [[reality]] is real (''i.e.,'' [[Identity|Existence]] exists), and that we are conscious of reality ([[Consciousness]] is conscious). <br />
<br />
From this, Objectivism propounds that [[truth|knowledge]] is objective: it is not simply revealed or "obvious", nor is it whimsically [[subjectivism|subjective]]. Knowledge is the result of a consciousness gaining understanding of reality. <br />
<br />
The better we understand reality, the better we can deal with it. Ayn Rand described Objectivism as a philosophy for living on earth -- by which she meant that it was a philosophy grounded in reality with the purpose of enabling its adherents to better deal with reality. A common thread running through all of Objectivism is the sanctity of the individual, rational human being. In Rand's own words:<br />
<br />
'' "My philosophy, in essence, is the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute." ''<br />
<br />
[[Ayn Rand]] rejected the idea that men who pursue their own interests must end up in conflict with one another. Objectivism holds [[individual rights]] to be the mechanism by which men can pursue their individual interests without being in conflict with one another. <br />
<br />
Objectivism is a closed system -- it consists of the philosophical writings of Ayn Rand (which she finished for publication) and those philosophical writings of other people which she specifically approved (for example the articles in the Objectivist Newsletter). The statements in this Wiki are not authoritative nor definitional of Objectivism.<br />
<br />
There are philosophical truths which were not incorporated into Objectivism. You should not assume without proof that everything in Objectivism is true.<br />
<br />
In fact, to assume without proof that everything [[Ayn Rand]] said is true, contradicts what [[Ayn Rand]] said.<br />
<br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
*[[Philosophy]]<br />
*[[Ayn Rand]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.aynrandsociety.org/#Overview Ayn Rand Society: Ayn Rand and Objectivism: An Overview]<br />
*[http://www.aynrandlexicon.com/ The Ayn Rand Lexicon]<br />
*[http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_essentials Essentials of Objectivism (Ayn Rand Institute)]<br />
*[http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_pobs The Philosophy of Objectivism: A Brief Summary]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivist_philosophy Wikipedia article on Objectivism]<br />
[[Category:Philosophy]]</div>HarrisonDanneskjoldhttps://wiki.objectivismonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=What_is_Objectivism&diff=9364What is Objectivism2014-05-23T01:29:06Z<p>HarrisonDanneskjold: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Objectivism''' is the name chosen by [[Ayn Rand]] for her [[philosophy]]. Some essentials of Objectivism are that [[reality]] is real (''i.e.,'' [[Identity|Existence]] exists), and that we are conscious of reality ([[Consciousness]] is conscious). <br />
<br />
From this, Objectivism propounds that [[truth|knowledge]] is objective: it is not simply revealed or "obvious", nor is it whimsically [[subjectivism|subjective]]. Knowledge is the result of a consciousness gaining understanding of reality. <br />
<br />
The better we understand reality, the better we can deal with it. Ayn Rand described Objectivism as a philosophy for living on earth -- by which she meant that it was a philosophy grounded in reality with the purpose of enabling its adherents to better deal with reality. A common thread running through all of Objectivism is the sanctity of the individual, rational human being. In Rand's own words:<br />
<br />
'' "My philosophy, in essence, is the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute." ''<br />
<br />
[[Ayn Rand]] rejected the idea that men who pursue their own interests must end up in conflict with one another. Objectivism holds [[individual rights]] to be the mechanism by which men can pursue their individual interests without being in conflict with one another. <br />
<br />
Objectivism is a closed system -- it consists of the philosophical writings of Ayn Rand (which she finished for publication) and those philosophical writings of other people which she specifically approved (for example the articles in the Objectivist Newsletter). The statements in this Wiki are not authoritative nor definitional of Objectivism.<br />
<br />
There are philosophical truths which were not incorporated into Objectivism. You should not assume without proof that everything in Objectivism is true.<br />
<br />
In fact, to assume without proof that everything Ayn Rand said is true, contradicts what Ayn Rand said.<br />
<br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
*[[Philosophy]]<br />
*[[Ayn Rand]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.aynrandsociety.org/#Overview Ayn Rand Society: Ayn Rand and Objectivism: An Overview]<br />
*[http://www.aynrandlexicon.com/ The Ayn Rand Lexicon]<br />
*[http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_essentials Essentials of Objectivism (Ayn Rand Institute)]<br />
*[http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_pobs The Philosophy of Objectivism: A Brief Summary]<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivist_philosophy Wikipedia article on Objectivism]<br />
[[Category:Philosophy]]</div>HarrisonDanneskjold